Good urban design plays a vital role in ensuring safety for women in public spaces. Gender biases in the distribution of power and entitlements, and long standing societal norms about the role of women in society, have historically led to public spaces that are not designed with women in mind. However, by taking a gender-sensitive approach to urban design, we can create spaces that are safe, welcoming and inclusive for all.

The Safer Cities Program is investing $30 million over two years to help improve perceptions of safety in our cities and towns, particularly for women, girls and gender diverse people in partnership with Transport for NSW. Let’s explore the strategies open to us and how they can be used by landscape architects and urban designers to create safe, inclusive and welcoming spaces for women.

Uncovering the Hidden Gender Bias in Public Spaces

Historically, public spaces have been designed with a male perspective in mind and have often not taken into account the specific needs and concerns of women. This is due to a number of factors, as well as long-standing societal norms and values about the role of women in society.

One major issue is that women have been underrepresented in decision-making roles in the fields of architecture, engineering, and urban planning. This means that the perspectives and needs of women have often not been adequately considered in the design of public spaces. Additionally, societal norms and values about women's roles and responsibilities have often relegated them to the private sphere, with the public sphere being seen as the domain of men. This has led to public spaces being designed for male use, with little consideration for the needs of women.

In the post-World War II era, many Australian cities underwent significant changes as a result of increased car ownership and the rise of suburbanisation. One of the major changes was the shift away from compact, walkable cities towards sprawling, car-dependent suburban areas. This was characterised by the construction of large freeways and roads that acted as major barriers for pedestrians, making it difficult and often dangerous for people to walk or cycle in these areas. As a result of this shift, services, employment, and homes became increasingly segregated. For example, people would often live in suburbs that were far away from their place of work or the services they needed, such as grocery stores or medical facilities. This meant that people had to rely on cars to get around, and public transportation was often not well-developed in these areas.

The creation of suburbs also had a significant impact on social norms and the roles of men and women. At that time, it was the norm for men to go out to work and for women to stay home. This meant that suburban areas were often designed with the assumption that the primary users would be men who were commuting to work. This had a significant impact on the design of public spaces and transportation infrastructure in these areas, with little consideration given to the needs of women and other non-traditional users.

Achieving Gender Equality in Public Spaces

The gendered experience of public spaces refers to the ways in which public spaces are perceived, used, and navigated differently by men and women, due to the impact of social norms, stereotypes and power imbalances. It encompasses the physical, social and cultural aspects of public spaces that shape the experiences of men and women.

For example, women may feel less safe in certain public spaces, such as poorly lit or poorly designed spaces that lack natural surveillance, or spaces that are known to be high-crime areas. They may also be more likely to experience harassment or assault in public spaces. Additionally, women may have different mobility patterns and use public spaces differently than men, such as being more likely to be accompanied by children or to be responsible for the safety of others. This can influence the way they use and navigate public spaces.

This approach to design also includes the way in which public spaces are designed and constructed, such as lack of access to restrooms, lack of seating, or the presence of physical barriers that can make public spaces inaccessible for certain groups of people, particularly for women.

Gender shapes and is shaped by design, use, and our perception of public spaces. It can have a significant impact on the safety, well-being, and access to opportunities for women and other marginalised groups. Below, we will explore the variety of design solutions which can help to improve safety and equity in our public spaces.

1. Lighting:

Adequate lighting is essential for safety, as well as for creating a sense of security. This includes not only street lighting, but also lighting in parks, plazas, and other public spaces.

Adequate lighting is an essential component of safe and secure public spaces, and landscape architects can play a key role in designing and implementing lighting solutions.

One strategy that landscape architects can use is to incorporate lighting into the design of public spaces from the outset. This can include designing spaces with good natural lighting, such as creating spaces that are open and have few visual barriers, and incorporating reflective surfaces that can help to increase light levels. Landscape architects can also design spaces with good connectivity, such as providing clear paths and walkways that are well-lit and easy to navigate.

Another strategy is to use lighting as a design element to enhance the aesthetic of a space while also increasing safety. This can include using different types of lighting, such as accent lighting or uplighting, to highlight key features in a space, or to create different moods or atmospheres. Landscape architects can also use lighting to create a sense of hierarchy within a space, with the most important or heavily used areas being the most well-lit.

Landscape architects can also use lighting to increase the sense of surveillance in public spaces. For example, they can design spaces with good visibility, such as creating spaces that are visible from surrounding buildings, and by creating spaces that are open and accessible to the public. They can also use lighting to create a sense of activity and vitality in public spaces, such as by highlighting areas where people are gathering or where there are active uses such as sports or fitness activities.

Finally, landscape architects can also consider the use of sustainable and energy-efficient lighting solutions. This includes the use of LED lighting, which is more energy-efficient and has a longer lifespan than traditional lighting, and the use of solar-powered lighting, which can be a cost-effective and sustainable option for lighting public spaces.

2. Sightlines:

Designing spaces with good visibility can help to deter crime and make it easier for women to identify potential dangers. This can be achieved by removing visual barriers, such as tall hedges or walls, and by creating open, expansive spaces.

Designing spaces with good visibility is an important aspect of creating safe and secure public spaces, and landscape architects can play a key role in achieving this.

One strategy that landscape architects can use is to remove visual barriers that obstruct sightlines, such as tall hedges or walls. This can be achieved by using low-growing plants, or by designing spaces with open and expansive views. This can help to increase the sense of surveillance in a space, making it easier for people to see what is happening around them and to identify potential dangers.

Another strategy that landscape architects can use is to design spaces with good connectivity, such as providing clear paths and walkways that are easy to navigate. This can help to increase the sense of surveillance in a space, as well as making it easier for people to move around and access different areas.

Another approach is to use design elements that enhance the sense of surveillance, such as installing strategically placed raised platforms or seating in areas which provide a clear view of the surrounding area. Considering alternative methods, such as placing mirrors in key locations, can also help making it easier for people to see what is happening around them.

3. Natural surveillance:

Creating spaces that are visible and easily accessible to the public can help to deter crime and increase safety. This can be achieved by designing spaces that are visible from surrounding buildings, and by creating spaces that are open and accessible to the public.

Creating spaces that are visible and easily accessible to the public is an important aspect of increasing safety in public spaces, and landscape architects can play a key role in achieving this.

One strategy that landscape architects can use is to design spaces that are visible from surrounding buildings, such as by creating spaces that are open and have few visual barriers. This can be achieved by using low-growing plants, or by designing spaces with open and expansive views. This can help to increase the sense of surveillance in a space, as well as making it easier for people to see what is happening around them and to identify potential dangers.

Another strategy is to design spaces that encourage active uses, such as sports or fitness activities, which can help to create a sense of community and increase safety in public spaces. Landscape architects can also design spaces that are easily accessible to all, such as providing ramps and other accessibility features, which can help to create inclusive and welcoming spaces for everyone.

4. Wayfinding:

Clear, easy-to-follow wayfinding can help to increase safety by making it easy for women to navigate outdoor spaces. This can be achieved by designing spaces with clear paths and by providing clear, easy-to-read signs.

Clear and easy-to-follow wayfinding is an important aspect of making public spaces easy to navigate and safe for women. Landscape architects can play a key role in designing and implementing effective wayfinding solutions.

One strategy landscape architects can use is to design spaces with clear paths, creating clear circulation patterns, such as by using a central axis or by providing clear entry and exit points. Landscape architects can also use design elements such as paving patterns or coloured surfaces to help guide people through a space.

Another approach is to provide clear and multilingual signage, such as by using simple and consistent symbols, and by providing information in multiple languages. Landscape architects can also incorporate wayfinding into the design of the space, such as by using lighting or sculpture to guide people through a space.

Landscape architects can also consider the needs of different groups of people when designing wayfinding solutions, such as providing tactile paving for people with visual impairments or providing audio cues for people who are hearing impaired.

Another strategy is to use technology to enhance wayfinding. For example, using QR codes, beacons, or mobile apps to provide real-time information and directions can be an effective wayfinding solution.

Finally, landscape architects can also incorporate maintenance and upkeep in their design solutions. This can include providing clear instructions on how to maintain the signs, symbols and paths, providing regular maintenance schedules and ensuring that the wayfinding elements are durable enough to withstand the elements.

5. Restrooms and waiting areas:

Providing safe and accessible restrooms and waiting areas can help to increase safety and comfort for women. This can include providing separate restrooms for men and women, as well as providing waiting areas that are well-lit and easily accessible.

Providing safe and accessible restrooms and waiting areas is an important aspect of creating safe and comfortable public spaces, and landscape architects can play a key role in designing and implementing solutions.

One strategy landscape architects can use is to provide separate restrooms for men and women, as well as providing family restrooms, this can help to increase privacy and safety for all users. They can also ensure that the restrooms are located in easily accessible and well-lit areas, and that they are well-maintained and cleaned regularly.

Another approach is to design waiting areas that are well-lit, easily accessible, and comfortable. This can include providing seating, and ensuring that the waiting area is located in a visible location throughout all times of day and night. Landscape architects can also incorporate design elements such as shading or wind protection to make the waiting area more comfortable for users.

Landscape architects can also consider the needs of different groups of people when designing restrooms and waiting areas, such as providing accessible features for people with disabilities, or providing nursing rooms for mothers.

6. Active uses:

Encouraging active uses, such as sports or fitness activities, can help to create a sense of community and increase safety in outdoor spaces.

Encouraging active uses, such as sports or fitness activities, is an important aspect of creating safe and vibrant public spaces, and landscape architects can play a key role in designing and implementing solutions.

One strategy landscape architects can use is to design spaces that are conducive to active uses, such as by providing wide sidewalks to promote walking and jogging, and by creating open and expansive spaces that can be used for sports or fitness activities. They can also incorporate design elements such as playgrounds, fitness equipment, and sports fields to encourage active uses.

Another approach is to provide clear signage and wayfinding that directs people to active use areas, and provide information about the available activities and facilities. Landscape architects can also provide amenities such as seating, shade, and incorporate lighting for event uses.

7. Green spaces & amenity:

Incorporating green spaces, such as parks and gardens, can help to create a sense of serenity and relaxation, which can help to reduce stress and increase safety.

Incorporating green spaces, such as parks and gardens, is an important aspect of creating safe and inviting public spaces, and landscape architects can play a key role in designing and implementing solutions.

One strategy landscape architects can use is to design spaces that incorporate green spaces, such as parks and gardens, which can provide a sense of place and promote relaxation, and can help to reduce stress and increase safety. They can also incorporate design elements such as natural elements, water features, and vegetation to create a sense of tranquillity and serenity.

Another approach is to provide clear signage and wayfinding that directs people to green spaces, and provide information about the available facilities and services. Landscape architects can also provide amenities such as seating and shade, and incorporate lighting for evening use.

Landscape architects can also consider the needs of women when designing unique spaces, such as providing waiting areas, seating and other safety measures when designing playgrounds or fitness equipment for people with disabilities.

Another strategy is to use sustainable techniques and materials when designing green spaces. This can include using native plants and trees, using rainwater harvesting and greywater systems, and using sustainable irrigation methods.

8. Incident reporting:

Incorporating incident reporting systems in the design of outdoor spaces can help to ensure that incidents can be quickly reported and dealt with.

Incorporating incident reporting systems in the design of outdoor spaces is an important aspect of ensuring that incidents can be quickly reported and dealt with, and landscape architects can play a key role in designing and implementing solutions.

One strategy landscape architects can use is to design spaces that incorporate incident reporting systems, such as emergency phones, emergency buttons, or emergency call stations which can be easily located and accessible in case of emergency. They can also incorporate design elements such as lighting, cameras, and surveillance systems to increase the sense of security and surveillance in a space.

Another approach is to provide clear signage and wayfinding that directs people to emergency equipment, and provide information on how to use them. Landscape architects can also work with local authorities and law enforcement agencies to ensure that the incident reporting systems are connected to the appropriate emergency response systems.

Another strategy is to use technology to enhance incident reporting systems. For example, using mobile apps or emergency alert systems can be an effective way to report incidents and get help quickly.

Government Action

The NSW Safer Cities program is a program in New South Wales, Australia that aims to make public spaces safer for women and other vulnerable groups. The program focuses on improving the safety and security of public spaces, particularly in areas where women have experienced harassment or violence. The program is implemented by the NSW government and works in partnership with local councils, community organisations, and other stakeholders.

The program uses a range of strategies to improve safety in public spaces, including:

• Increasing lighting and surveillance in public spaces

• Enhancing the design of public spaces to promote natural surveillance and reduce hiding places

• Providing education and awareness campaigns to change attitudes and behaviours that lead to harassment and violence

• Encouraging community involvement in the design and maintenance of public spaces

• Encouraging reporting of incidents and providing support for survivors

• Providing training and support for security personnel and other staff who work in public spaces

The program has been implemented in several towns and cities in New South Wales, including Sydney, Newcastle, and Wollongong. The program has been successful in increasing the safety and security of public spaces for women and other vulnerable groups, and has been recognized as a model program for other cities and countries to follow.

Designing public spaces with safety and inclusion for women in mind is a crucial aspect of vibrant and welcoming communities. Landscape architects have the knowledge and expertise to design spaces that are visually accessible, easy to navigate, and promote natural surveillance are just a few of the ways landscape architects can ensure that public spaces are safe, inclusive and welcoming for everyone. By taking a holistic approach, working with the community, and empowering the voice of women, landscape architects can create public spaces that foster community, promote well-being, and ensure that everyone feels safe and included.

In march, I will be supporting the Sydney Build 2023 expo as a Women in Construction Ambassador. Nangle Landscape Architecture supports Women in Construction and is committed to the participation of women in the build environment and construction industries. The role of women is and will continue to be integral to ensuring we create equal opportunities to all people within the built environment.

Hope to see you there!